What Are the Ten Commandments in the Bible?

The Ten Commandments, also called the Decalogue, were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai amidst thunder, lightning, and smoke, demonstrating their divine authority and solemn importance. They are recorded in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 and form the moral foundation of God's covenant with Israel. The commandments divide naturally into two tables: the first four address humanity's relationship with God, and the last six address relationships with other people. Commandment one declares that Yahweh alone is God. Commandment two forbids idolatry and images. Commandment three prohibits taking God's name in vain. Commandment four institutes the Sabbath rest. Commandment five honors parents. Commandment six forbids murder. Commandment seven forbids adultery. Commandment eight forbids theft. Commandment nine forbids false witness. Commandment ten forbids coveting. Jesus summarized the whole law as love for God and love for neighbor, and Paul affirmed that love is the fulfillment of the law. The commandments reveal God's character — He is holy, jealous for His glory, truthful, faithful, and just. They also reveal human sinfulness, for no one has perfectly kept them. James 2:10 states that 'whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all.' The purpose of the law was never to save but to reveal sin, expose need, and point to Christ, who perfectly fulfilled every requirement. For believers under the New Covenant, the commandments are not abolished but transformed. The Sabbath becomes rest in Christ, and the moral principles are written on the heart by the Holy Spirit. The Ten Commandments remain relevant as God's permanent standard of righteousness, guiding believers in holy living while reminding them of their constant need for grace.